An Overview of Affect Engineering

This has been a long time coming, and it is something I have wanted to do for at least ten years since publishing Affect Engineering. In the coming weeks I plan to break down and explain the basic tenets of Affect Engineering as a theory of emotions into its simplest terms for the layperson with as little math as needed to understand it as a theory and to grasp the concepts within to ideally make personal use of it. The principles to which Affect Engineering adheres will also be explained where needed.

Below I have listed an outline of what I will be covering over the next several months. This includes an organization of how emotions are classified and described in Affect Engineering. I may add or modify this page as I go, adding questions if I deem them necessary or combining questions together if their topic is similar enough. The bullet points with a solid square and question mark will each eventually become their own page. Wherever possible, I will give real world examples, either from history or modern day events, to supplement an explanation. This page will be updated with links to each of the topics as they are created. Additionally, this page has been added as a sub-item under the tab “What is Affect Engineering?”

  • Introduction to the Framework of Affect Engineering
    • On the Nature of Emotions
      • What is an emotion considered to be in Affect Engineering? How is emotion defined within its framework?
      • What role do emotions serve in Affect Engineering?
      • How are emotions quantified or measured in Affect Engineering? What is emotional arousal in Affect Engineering?
    • Anxiety in Affect Engineering
      • What are the implications for considering anxiety to be a resource to be managed in Affect Engineering instead of an emotion in and of itself?
      • What is the relationship between anxiety and value with respect to goals in Affect Engineering?
      • What is the 1:1:1:1 Ratio and why is it used to avoid erroneously conflating two emotions into one in Affect Engineering?
    • Appraisals in the Context of Affect Engineering
      • What is an appraisal towards the restoration of equilibrium between a goal and its complementary goal or opposing goal in Affect Engineering?
      • What are the implications of the 1:1:1:1 Ratio for appraisals in Affect Engineering? Why are there two sets of functions in the Affect Engineering?
      • What happens when equilibrium between a goal and its opposing goal is not sought? Under what circumstances might this occur?
  • Emotional Regulation in Affect Engineering?
    • Emotional Responses in Affect Engineering
      • What is an emotional response in Affect Engineering?
      • What does heeding an emotion’s call to action mean in Affect Engineering?
      • What variables can amplify, or contrarily, reduce, an emotion’s call to action to the individual? Can any of these variables be influenced by the individual?
    • Empathy in Affect Engineering
      • How is empathy represented in Affect Engineering?
      • Can empathy be regulated by the individual in Affect Engineering?
      • Can empathy be extended towards other sentient lifeforms, towards inanimate objects, or towards intangible entities in Affect Engineering?
  • Categories of Emotions
    • Overview of Emotions in Affect Engineering and How They Are Organized
      • What are the core distinguishing features of each emotion in Affect Engineering?
      • What is a scenario that would exemplify each emotion?
      • What would a general description of the emotion sound like?
      • Under what situations might this emotion have survival value or be considered advantageous?
    • Category I Emotions: Intra-personal Emotions or Emotions of the Self
      • What is a Category I Emotion?
      • What are the Pursuit of Pleasure Emotions?
        • What is Happiness?
        • What is Euphoria?
        • What is Courage
        • What is Guilt?
        • What is Content in the context of the Pursuit of Pleasure?
      • What are the Avoidance of Pain Emotions?
        • What is Anger? How is Anger distinguished from Disgust if at all?
        • What is Grief?
        • What is Fear?
        • What is Content in the context of the Avoidance of Pain?
    • Category II Emotions: Inter-personal Emotions or the Four Degrees of Empathy
      • What is a Category II Emotion?
      • What are the Four Degrees of Empathy when the self is passive?
        • What are Vicarious Pride and Love?
        • What are Vicarious Shame and Sympathy?
        • What are Vicarious Humiliation and Hatred?
        • What are Vicarious Mercy and Antipathy?
        • What are Vicarious Loneliness and Neutrality?
      • What are the Four Degrees of Empathy when the self is active?
        • What are Vicarious Love and Pride?
        • What are Vicarious Sympathy and Shame?
        • What are Vicarious Hatred and Humiliation?
        • What are Vicarious Antipathy and Mercy?
        • What are Vicarious Neutrality and Loneliness?
    • Category III Emotions: Compound Interactive Emotions
      • What is a Category III Emotion?
      • What are the Indulgent Type Emotions?
        • What is Indulgent Type Benevolence (Happiness + Loving Pride)?
        • What is Indulgent Type Jealousy (Guilt + Sympathetic Shame)?
        • What is Indulgent Type Malevolence (Happiness + Hateful Humiliation)?
        • What is Indulgent Type Envy (Guilt + Antipathetic Mercy)?
      • What are the Protective Type Emotions?
        • What is Protective Type Benevolence (Anger + Loving Pride)?
        • What is Protective Type Jealousy (Sadness + Sympathetic Shame)?
        • What is Protective Type Malevolence (Anger + Hateful Humiliation)?
        • What is Protective Type Envy (Sadness + Antipathetic Mercy)?
    • Category IV Emotions: Emotive States
      • What is a Category IV Emotion?
        • What is Surprise?
        • What is Joyfulness?
        • What is Restlessness?
        • What is Helplessness?
        • What is Confusion?
        • What is Greed?
        • Can additional miscellaneous or culturally specific emotions be modeled in Affect Engineering? If so, then how? Limerence? Schadenfreude? Sonder? Callosity?

The text above can be accessed on the second tab underneath “What is Affect Engineering?” and is entitled An Overview of Affect Engineering

Hindsight is 20/20: Refining a Grand Theory of Emotion and Motivation

Wow, this update is long overdue . . . four years without a single post! I have been sidetracked to say the least, with other projects have delayed my progression with Affect Engineering. I am nearing completion of one of them, the epic poem/verse drama is at 75% completion, approaching about 4000 lines at the moment, with lots editing to go of course. This, along with memorizing ballroom and Latin dance figures and my teaching obligations have occupied much of my time of late. I intend to resume vector modeling and other applications once I am closer to finishing it (the poem). Ironically, my efforts to properly organize Affect Engineering began as somewhat of an offshoot of my poetic endeavors, when I realized I needed to separate them because they were going in different directions and hindering one another.

That being said, I have made some refinements now and again that I feel like I glossed over in the book, so I will address some of the finer particulars here, things that I feel like I should have elaborated on or been more clear about. I won’t go into detail with all of them, though maybe at a later date.

I. Refinements to the modeling of anger and distinguishing it from relief

Looking back, distinguishing anger from relief is one of the things I think I would done differently, as relief is not something I addressed at all in the book, and perhaps seems more fitting for some aspects of this Category I Emotion. I did not even include relief as an emotion (some people would probably debate it as well), though there is certainly room for Relief, the functions are flexible. As is, my thoughts on this are that anger and relief would look similar, graphically speaking, and be modeled similarly, but their compositions would be slightly different. The key difference would have to be in how the individual intends to address or interact with a threat of harm to the entity being valued . . . as follows:

Anger and Aggression (behavior)
Instances where aggression is present and an action is taken to damage, destroy, or eliminate the threat of harm to the original entity, and the individual is successful, I would be more inclined to classify as scenarios where anger is an emotion at play. It is certainly possible for anger to build without the aggression taking place, if it is subsequently followed by aversion and a reduction in that buildup by avoiding the threat (i.e., relief); the desire or intent to damage/destroy/eliminate the threat of harm to the original entity would be the distinguishing feature of Anger.

Disgust and Relief
Alternatively, instances where action is taken to evade or avoid the threat of harm to the original entity, and the individual is successful, I am more inclined to classify as scenarios where relief and disgust would be emotions at play. Given that disgust is defined as an aversion to something offensive or repugnant, this seems plausible. Similar to the instance above for anger, it is also plausible that a scenario might start as one of disgust, where the individual wishes to avoid the threat of harm, but morphs into anger with aggression if a confrontation is unavoidable.

It is a subtle difference, one that would not necessarily change much, but it is one distinction I feel I could have made in writing the book, along with some others.


II. Clarification of the meanings of courage and guilt

These are just areas where a crisper explanation of each of these, as they relate to the functions, I feel would have been more helpful or beneficial to understanding them.

Courage
As it is modeled throughout Affect Engineering, courage is best understood as feeling emboldened to pursue a course of action, specifically, with the intent of acquiring an entity to fulfill a particular purpose. This sense of courage is more in the sense of brave, and after looking at popular conceptions of courage, I feel like I shoud have pointed out that fear is not a necessary component in this definition of courage, as this would violate the 1:1:1:1 ratio established. Moreover, I would have also added that while fear is not component in the make up of courage, fear would be felt for the complementary purpose at hand. To some extent, fear would be present in the individual simultaneously with courage, albeit for a different purpose (the one complementary towards the one for which courage is being felt).

Guilt
Guilt is understood in Affect Engineering as a missed opportunity, such as in the case of failing to procure a desired object or to prevent harm from befalling it.

Both courage and guilt are modeled as pursuit of pleasure emotions in Affect Engineering, meaning I classified them so that they concern cases where the further acquisition of an entity leads away from equilibrium between a purposes and its complementary purpose. Providing more of a rationale for the chosen arrangement is something that I may do in the future, as I did not do much of it in the book. Addressing correlations and subtle differences between emotions that are modeled to have similar effects on the body is something that I would do differently as well. One set of correlations to examine would be Anger/Relief, Happiness, and Euphoria. Another set would be Guilt, Sadness, and Grief.


III. Clarifying Entropy in Affect Engineering
On a final note, some refinement in my use of this physics term so that it does not become misconstrued is perhaps in order. Anxiety and Negative Anxiety are both modeled as energy in Affect Engineering, (i.e., Emotional Energy). The physics definition of entropy I was aiming for was the loss of energy available to do work, as it relates to thermodynamics. In this sense, the correlation would be the loss of Emotional Energy available to do work, with work in Affect Engineering primarily being the valuing of entities as they relate to the fulfillment of purposes.

Distinguishing between nonreversible processes, such as neuro-cellular death, neuro-degeneration, or damage from severe and repetitive seizures, and reversible processes, such as anxiety attacks, panic attacks, or single seizures that do not result in neuro-cellular death, is something I would like to have done better. In keeping my use of the term as close to physics (i.e., the number of possible microstates in a system) it feels like I fell a bit short there, though it can be certainly be fixed.


There are other things I want to refine in Affect Engineering, but these are all that I am going to mention for now. The past is full of things we all would have done differently. Hindsight is 20/20.

Two Updates: Working Definition of Emotion and Sample Neurological Model

Two updates to mention here:

1) The first is just a working definition of emotion I thought would be nice to add to the site.  I added it under the Building an Equation tab.

Emotion: A cognitive and physiological response that signals success or failure with regards to the acquisition of entities (both corporeal and non-corporeal) valued for the fulfillment of specific purposes that are either harbored by the self or vicariously interpreted as belonging to others, as in other people, animals, or anthropomorphized objects.  The cognitive/physiological response response may also be understood as a call to action if the deadline to act to acquire or safeguard an entity is imminent.

Building an Equation

2) The second is a variation to the sample neurological model to more closely model the exponential growth of valuations with base 2 (i.e., 2, 4 , 8, 16, 32, 64 . . .).  I added it under the Sample Neurological Model tab, though I have not yet created an image for the model.

Given that valuations are modeled to grow or decrease exponentially from base 2, the valuing neurons can alternatively be modeled to grow exponentially, with each neuron or neural group (i.e., representatives of Emotional Units) in a higher, smaller group branching off to two more neurons or neural groups in a lower, larger group.  The first tier would have 2, the second tier 4, the third tier 8, the fourth tier 16, the fifth tier 32, and so on.

Sample Neurological Models

Modeling Emotions with Math and More Fun!

The Building an Equation section of the site is complete! Granted, it is only a condensed version of the content, but it covers most of the important things.  I will come back and model schadenfreude in August, and possibly pick a few other emotions to map out as well.  For now though, I am taking a break from updating till August.

Building an Equation

Now that summer has rolled around and I have more free time, it is time to get on the ball with things. Before modeling schadenfreude though, I thought it would be best to briefly describe the functions from my book.  So I have added a new section to the website called Building an Equation.  The link is on the home page, under the tab “What Is Affect Engineering?” tab, or you could just click the first picture under the slider.  It will take a number of posts and some time to present everything more succinctly than the 700+ pages in the book, so some patience will be required.